Built-in project · ESP32-DevKitC V4

MicroPython four-digit display, multiplexed, on an ESP32-DevKitC V4

MicroPython on an ESP32: a 74HC595 on GPIO 15, 2 and 4 sets the segments, GPIO 25, 26, 27 and 14 pick the digit, and 0123 is multiplexed. The whole build, an ESP32-DevKitC V4 and 10 more parts, runs here in your browser on the firmware below; open it in the editor to change the wiring or the code and run it again.

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Advanced About 30 minutes to build and run. Runs in your browser. Free, and no account needed.

The parts retail for about $11.75. On Mokxi they're free.

The circuit runs here once the page has loaded.

What you'll learn

  • Shift registers turn three pins into eight outputs
  • Multiplexing: one digit at a time, fast
  • Seven segment codes stored as bytes
  • Persistence of vision
  • Current limiting resistors for segments
  • Difficulty: Advanced
  • Time: About 30 minutes
  • Board: ESP32-DevKitC V4
  • Parts: 13

How it works

Four digits share the same seven segment lines, so only one can be lit at a time. A 74HC595 shift register holds the pattern for the segments, and four ESP32 pins (GPIO 25, 26, 27 and 14) pick which digit gets it.

The program lights each digit for about a millisecond, in turn, over and over. That is fast enough that your eye sees all four lit, showing 0123. Before each digit it blanks the segments so no ghost of the last digit shows.

Parts list

13 parts, plus the jumper wires. They retail for about $11.75; on Mokxi they're free.

Kits that can build it

These 2 starter kits have every part in the circuit. Each kit's page lists what else it can build.

Wiring table

Every connection, pin by pin, read from the circuit itself. Each row joins the pin on the left to the pin on the right, by a jumper wire or a breadboard strip.

Part and pinConnects to
Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG1ESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 25
Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG2ESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 26
Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG3ESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 27
Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG4ESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 14
74HC595 shift register pin SHCPESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 4
74HC595 shift register pin STCPESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 2
74HC595 shift register pin DSESP32-DevKitC V4 pin 15
Resistor, 220 Ω (7) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q1
Resistor, 220 Ω (6) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q2
Resistor, 220 Ω (5) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q3
Resistor, 220 Ω (4) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q4
Resistor, 220 Ω (3) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q5
Resistor, 220 Ω (2) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q6
Resistor, 220 Ω (1) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q7
74HC595 shift register pin GNDGround
74HC595 shift register pin MR3.3 V
74HC595 shift register pin OEGround
Resistor, 220 Ω (8) pin 174HC595 shift register pin Q0
74HC595 shift register pin VCC3.3 V
Resistor, 220 Ω (5) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin E
Resistor, 220 Ω (4) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin D
Resistor, 220 Ω (8) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DP
Resistor, 220 Ω (3) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin C
Resistor, 220 Ω (7) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin G
Resistor, 220 Ω (2) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin B
Resistor, 220 Ω (6) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin F
Resistor, 220 Ω (1) pin 2Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin A

The code

The MicroPython code exactly as the editor opens it. Change a line there and press Run: the board runs it on the official MicroPython firmware, with nothing to compile.

main.py · ESP32-DevKitC V4
# Four digits, one 74HC595: the chip sets the segments and GPIO 25, 26,
# 27 and 14 pick which digit is on. Each digit is lit for a moment in
# turn, fast enough that all four look lit: 0123.
from machine import Pin
from hc595 import HC595
import time

chip = HC595(15, 2, 4)
digits = [0xc0, 0xf9, 0xa4, 0xb0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xf8, 0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0x86, 0x8e]
select = [Pin(n, Pin.OUT, value=0) for n in (25, 26, 27, 14)]
show = [0, 1, 2, 3]
frames = 0

while True:
    for place, n in enumerate(show):
        chip.write(0xff, msb_first=False)     # blank, so no ghost of the last digit
        for i, s in enumerate(select):
            s.value(1 if i == place else 0)
        chip.write(digits[n], msb_first=False)
        time.sleep_ms(1)
    frames += 1
    if frames % 200 == 0:
        print("showing 0123")
hc595.py · ESP32-DevKitC V4
# hc595.py: send a byte to a 74HC595 on three pins.
# data is DS, latch is ST_CP and clock is SH_CP. Each bit is set on DS
# and clocked in on a rising SH_CP; a rising ST_CP shows all eight.
from machine import Pin

class HC595:
    def __init__(self, data, latch, clock, oe=None):
        self.data = Pin(data, Pin.OUT, value=0)
        self.latch = Pin(latch, Pin.OUT, value=0)
        self.clock = Pin(clock, Pin.OUT, value=0)
        if oe is not None:
            self.oe = Pin(oe, Pin.OUT, value=0)    # OE low: the outputs are on

    def shift(self, value, msb_first=True):
        for i in range(8):
            bit = 7 - i if msb_first else i
            self.data.value((value >> bit) & 1)
            self.clock.value(1)
            self.clock.value(0)

    def write(self, value, msb_first=True):
        self.latch.value(0)
        self.shift(value, msb_first)
        self.latch.value(1)

Troubleshooting

The usual mistakes with this circuit, and the fix for each.

  • Digits ghost into each other This project
    The segments must be blanked before the digit changes. Keep the blank write at the start of each pass.
  • The display stays dark This project
    Check that MR is on 3.3 V and OE is on ground, so the outputs are enabled. Then check DS on GPIO 15, STCP on 2 and SHCP on 4.
  • Segments show in the wrong places This project
    Q0 to Q7 must go through the resistors to segments A to G and DP in order.
  • Outputs show garbage, or the register never clears. 74HC595 shift register
    Tie OE low and SRCLR (pin 10) high. Left floating, these pins make the chip behave randomly. Then pulse the latch pin after shifting the byte.
  • The bits come out in the wrong order, or LEDs are dim. 74HC595 shift register
    Choose MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST in shiftOut to flip the order. Give each LED its own resistor, since each output can source only about 6 mA safely.
  • Digits look dim, flicker, or show ghosts of other digits. Four-digit seven segment
    Refresh each digit quickly in a loop, at least 100 Hz for the whole set. Turn all segments off before switching digits. Do not use delay() for long pauses while displaying.
  • Segments burn out or the pins are overloaded. Four-digit seven segment
    Use a resistor of about 220 ohms on each segment line. Check whether the display is common cathode or common anode, since that sets which level turns a segment on.
  • The LED is dim, burns out, or the pin reads wrong because the resistor value is off. Resistor
    Read the color bands again. A 220 ohm to 330 ohm resistor suits a typical LED on 5 V. 10k is a common pull-up or pull-down value. Check with a multimeter if unsure.

Change it and keep it

Open it in the editor, change the circuit or the code, and keep your version in a free account.