A transformer simulator: mains to smooth DC
Mokxi is a free online transformer circuit simulator that runs in your browser, with nothing to install and no account needed. The linear power supply every electronics course builds: 230 V mains into a 12-0-12 V center-tapped transformer, two 1N4007 diodes, a 1000 µF smoothing capacitor and a 100 ohm load, with an oscilloscope and a multimeter on the output.
- 505parts on the bench
- 45boards running now
- 1.00xreal time, on every board
What you can do here
In the circuit above, or in the editor it opens.
- Step 230 V mains down through a center-tapped transformer, safely
- Build a full-wave rectifier from two diodes and the center tap
- See the ripple on a scope and the average on a meter
- Swap the smoothing capacitor and watch the ripple change
- Lighten the load and watch the output rise
- Add a 7805 regulator after the capacitor for a steady 5 V
What the running circuit shows
Why a 12 V transformer gives nearly 17 V of DC.
The transformer’s secondary has three leads: two ends and a center tap, which is this circuit’s ground. Each end swings to 18.2 V either side of it, half a cycle apart. A diode from each end passes whichever is positive, and the capacitor holds the voltage up between peaks. The output runs between 15.98 and 17.29 V, about 1.3 V of ripple, and the meter reads the average: 16.62 V.
A 12 V transformer making over 16 V surprises everyone once. Its 12 V is an rms figure, and the capacitor charges to the peak, which is 1.41 times higher, less one diode drop.
Now change things. With a 4700 µF capacitor the output stays between 16.38 and 16.65 V: more capacitance, less ripple. Put the 1000 µF back and lighten the load to 1 k: 17.45 to 17.63 V, and 17.54 V on the meter. Less current means the capacitor drains less between peaks and the transformer sags less. An unregulated supply’s voltage depends on its load, which is the reason regulators exist.
How the transformer is modeled
Two isolated windings with a real ratio.
The primary and the secondary share no connection, as in the real part, and the secondary’s voltage follows the primary’s by the turns ratio. Like a real small transformer, its rated voltage is its voltage at full load: lightly loaded it reads about 10 percent higher, which you can see above.
What it leaves out: core saturation, the inrush when mains is first applied, heating and hum. And the one thing a simulator gives you that a bench does not: nothing here can hurt you. On real hardware everything on the primary side is at mains voltage. Use a ready-made, enclosed transformer and never probe the primary.
Three steps from a blank tab to a running circuit.
Open the editor
It runs in your browser tab. Nothing to install, and you need no account to start.
Your first projectWire it and write the code
Drag parts onto a breadboard, run each wire from pin to pin, and write the sketch beside it.
WiringPress Run
Your sketch compiles in the tab and runs on a model of the chip, with the Serial Monitor beside it.
Run and serial
Open a project and press Run.
Every one runs in the editor exactly as it is drawn, ready to change.
What makers say about Mokxi.
“The AI checker helps check and correct my circuits, and it has way more components than Tinkercad. As a student I really appreciate the tool.”
“I’d been looking for a real online electronic simulator that was intuitive and complete when I found Mokxi. I was able to quickly import a Fritzing file and my Arduino sketch and start testing. Mokxi has all of the makings for the best online Arduino simulator I have been able to find!”
“I’m using Mokxi to develop and simulate an STM32-based four-wheel-drive robot car before building the actual hardware. It allows me to experiment with DC motor control, PWM, RPM measurement using photointerrupters, and different acceleration, braking, and reversing strategies, helping me understand and refine the system before implementing it in real life.”
Questions, answered.
Is it free?
Yes. The circuit on this page, every part in it and the editor it opens in are on the free plan, with no card.
Do I need an account?
No. The circuit runs the moment the page does, and the editor opens without one. A free account is only for saving a project to the cloud and sharing it by link.
Why does a 12 V transformer give more than 12 V DC after rectifying?
The 12 V is rms. The smoothing capacitor charges to the peak, 1.41 times the rms voltage, less a diode drop, and a lightly loaded transformer runs a little above its rating. In this circuit a 12-0-12 V transformer gives 16.6 V DC into 100 ohms.
What is a center-tapped transformer used for?
A full-wave rectifier with only two diodes, as here: each half of the secondary supplies one half of the cycle. It can also make a positive and a negative supply at once, with the tap as ground.
How do I reduce the ripple of a power supply?
Use a larger smoothing capacitor, draw less current, or follow the capacitor with a regulator. Here going from 1000 to 4700 µF cuts the ripple from about 1.3 V to under 0.3 V.
Do I need an account at all?
No. The editor, the templates, the gallery, the compiler and Run all work without signing in. Your browser keeps your work as you go. An account saves your projects online, so they follow you to any computer. It also gives you a link to share.
Which boards are supported?
Forty-five, all on the free plan. Arduino: the Uno R3, Uno R4 Minima and Uno R4 WiFi, Nano, Nano ESP32, Nano RP2040 Connect, Mega 2560, Leonardo, Micro, the Pro Mini in its 5 V and 3.3 V builds, and the SparkFun Pro Micro. ESP32: the classic DevKit V1, the ESP32-S3, the ESP32-C3 and C6 DevKits, the Espressif DevKitC V4, the Freenove ESP32-WROVER, the Wemos LOLIN32 Lite, the Wemos D1 R32, the Cheap Yellow Display, the TTGO T-Display, the ESP32-C3 SuperMini and the Seeed XIAO ESP32-C3, C6 and S3. ESP8266: the NodeMCU, the Wemos D1 mini and the ESP-01S. Also the Raspberry Pi Pico and Pico W, the Seeed XIAO RP2040, the Waveshare RP2040-Zero, the Seeed XIAO SAMD21, the WCH CH32V003, the STM32F411 Black Pill, the STM32 Nucleo-F411RE and the STM32F103 Blue Pill, the BBC micro:bit V2, and the ATtiny85 and the ATmega328P in its 16 MHz and 8 MHz builds, which plug straight into the breadboard as bare chips. Your own code compiles in the browser for all of them. Then the Raspberry Pi 4, Pi 5 and Zero 2 W computers, which run your Python with gpiozero and RPi.GPIO, with nothing to compile. Each board page lists what it can and can’t do. For example, the WiFi boards have pretend WiFi, not a real radio, and the page says so.
Is my sketch really compiled in the browser?
Yes. A real compiler (clang, built for the web) runs in your browser. It downloads once, and your browser keeps a copy. After that, every build happens on your own computer. There is no build server and no waiting in line, so there are no build minutes to run out of.
Which browsers work?
Any up-to-date Chrome, Edge, Firefox or Safari, on a computer, a phone or a tablet. They all support WebAssembly, which Mokxi needs, and they have for years.
Does it work on a phone?
Yes. The editor works with touch, the buttons are big enough to tap, and the layout fits a small screen. The simulation runs on the phone itself.
Can I try Pro before I pay?
Yes. Every account can try Pro free for 7 days, once. It takes a card, nothing is charged for those days, and if you cancel before they end you pay nothing. It starts when you choose it.
Can I cancel anytime?
Yes, in one press from your account page. Your plan runs to the end of what you paid for.
Do you offer refunds?
Yes, once per account. Write to us within 14 days of a payment and we refund all of it. Lifetime Pro is refunded in full within 14 days of buying it.
Is there a student discount?
Yes. Students get Pro at half price with a school email.
Do students need accounts?
No. The simulator works signed out, so your class starts from one link with nothing to sign up for. An account only adds cloud saving and sharing, and a student can make one later, or never.
Does it work on a Chromebook?
Yes. Everything runs on the machine in front of the student, so a Chromebook works as well as a lab PC.
What does it cost for a class?
Nothing, if your students only need to open and run circuits: the whole simulator is on the free plan. The class tools (a roster, starter projects, auto-graded checks, the gradebook) come with Pro and Classroom. Classroom is $9.99 a student a year, from 5 students, so at least $49.95 for the year. Your own seat is free, and from 50 students each one costs less. Your students get Pro’s room while they are in your classes. Pay by card, invoice or purchase order. Pro on its own runs classes for up to 10 students in all. To try the class tools with real students first, start the free 30-day trial from your class page: one class of up to 20 students, no card.
Is student work private?
Yes. A student’s projects in a class are always private: they cannot be opened by link or put in the gallery. One exception, and only for reading: a teacher may open, and never write, a project owned by somebody in a class they teach, which is what a card on the class wall does. What we store about a student, who processes it, how a school has it deleted, and how we handle COPPA consent for students under 13 and FERPA as a school official are all on the student data privacy page at /privacy/students.
Is Mokxi AI free?
Every signed-in account gets questions every day: 5 on a free account, 50 on the Pro trial, 100 on Pro and the other paid plans, and 25 on Lifetime Pro.
Does Mokxi AI work with ESP32 and Raspberry Pi Pico sketches?
Yes. It knows which board the project is on and answers for that board, from an Uno to an ESP32, an ESP8266, a Pico or an STM32.
Can Mokxi AI change my code without asking?
No. It proposes a change as a card. Accept is yours, and only appears once the changed code compiles; Ctrl+Z undoes it.
What does Mokxi AI send with a question?
Your project text, the matching help articles and the last six messages of the chat, never your name or account. "What is sent" shows exactly what went.
Latest arrivals in Mokxi.
More simulators
Each one opens on a circuit that is already running.
Turn mains into DC
Open the circuit, swap the capacitor and watch the ripple on the scope. Nothing to install, and no account needed.