Pico W four-digit display counts seconds
MicroPython on a Pico W: a 74HC595 on GP18 to GP20 and digit selects on GP10 to GP13 multiplex a four-digit display that counts the seconds. The whole build, a Raspberry Pi Pico W and 6 more parts, runs here in your browser on the firmware below; open it in the editor to change the wiring or the code and run it again.
Teaching? Assign it to your class in one click.
Intermediate About 30 minutes to build and run. Runs in your browser. Free, and no account needed.
The parts retail for about $7.55. On Mokxi they're free.
What you'll learn
- Multiplexing a four-digit display
- A shift register setting the segments
- Seven segment patterns as bytes
- Timing with
ticks_msandticks_diff
- Difficulty: Intermediate
- Time: About 30 minutes
- Board: Raspberry Pi Pico W
- Parts: 9
How it works
A four-digit display shares one set of segment lines between all four digits, so only one digit can be lit at a time. A 74HC595 on GP18, GP19 and GP20 sets which segments are on. Pulling a digit's select pin low, GP10 to GP13, lights that digit.
show lights each of the four digits for 2 ms, one after another, over and over. That is too fast to see, so all four look lit. The main loop works out the seconds since start, and calls show every pass with the seconds padded to four places.
The number wraps back to 0 after 9999. It prints the new second to the console as it changes.
Parts list
9 parts, plus the jumper wires. They retail for about $7.55; on Mokxi they're free.
- 1 × Raspberry Pi Pico W
- 1 × 74HC595 shift registerIn LED Cube Kit.
- 1 × Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed
- 4 × Resistor, 220 ΩIn Starter Kit, Claw Machine Kit, Halloween Prop Kit.
- 2 × Power, 3.3 V
Kits that can build it
These 2 starter kits have every part in the circuit. Each kit's page lists what else it can build.
Wiring table
Every connection, pin by pin, read from the circuit itself. Each row joins the pin on the left to the pin on the right, by a jumper wire or a breadboard strip.
| Part and pin | Connects to |
|---|---|
| Resistor, 220 Ω (1) pin 2 | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP10 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (2) pin 2 | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP11 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (3) pin 2 | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP12 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (4) pin 2 | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP13 |
| 74HC595 shift register pin SHCP | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP20 |
| 74HC595 shift register pin STCP | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP19 |
| 74HC595 shift register pin DS | Raspberry Pi Pico W pin GP18 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin B | 74HC595 shift register pin Q1 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin C | 74HC595 shift register pin Q2 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin D | 74HC595 shift register pin Q3 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin E | 74HC595 shift register pin Q4 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin F | 74HC595 shift register pin Q5 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin G | 74HC595 shift register pin Q6 |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DP | 74HC595 shift register pin Q7 |
| 74HC595 shift register pin GND | Ground |
| 74HC595 shift register pin MR | 3.3 V |
| 74HC595 shift register pin OE | Ground |
| Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin A | 74HC595 shift register pin Q0 |
| 74HC595 shift register pin VCC | 3.3 V |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (4) pin 1 | Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG4 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (3) pin 1 | Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG3 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (2) pin 1 | Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG2 |
| Resistor, 220 Ω (1) pin 1 | Four-digit seven segment, multiplexed pin DIG1 |
The code
The MicroPython code exactly as the editor opens it. Change a line there and press Run: the board runs it on the official MicroPython firmware, with nothing to compile.
# Time counter: a four-digit display shows the seconds since start. The
# 74HC595 (DS GP18, STcp GP19, SHcp GP20) sets the segments, and pulling
# a digit's select pin (GP10 to GP13) low lights that digit.
from machine import Pin
import time
DIGITS = [0x3F, 0x06, 0x5B, 0x4F, 0x66, 0x6D, 0x7D, 0x07, 0x7F, 0x6F]
ds = Pin(18, Pin.OUT)
latch = Pin(19, Pin.OUT)
clock = Pin(20, Pin.OUT)
selects = [Pin(n, Pin.OUT, value=1) for n in (10, 11, 12, 13)] # digit 1 to 4
def segments(byte):
for i in range(7, -1, -1):
ds.value((byte >> i) & 1)
clock.value(1)
clock.value(0)
latch.value(1)
latch.value(0)
def show(text):
# text is four characters, digits or spaces, with an optional "." after
# one of them. Each digit is lit for a moment in turn, fast enough
# that the eye sees all four.
cells = []
for ch in text:
if ch == "." and cells:
cells[-1] |= 0x80
else:
cells.append(DIGITS[int(ch)] if ch.isdigit() else 0)
for n, byte in enumerate(cells[-4:]):
segments(byte)
selects[n].value(0)
time.sleep_ms(2)
selects[n].value(1)
start = time.ticks_ms()
shown = -1
while True:
seconds = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_ms(), start) // 1000
if seconds != shown:
shown = seconds
print("seconds", seconds)
show("%4d" % (seconds % 10000))
Code walkthrough
The key functions of the sketch, and what each one does.
segments main.py
segments shifts eight bits into the 74HC595, top bit first, pulsing the clock after each one. Then it pulses the latch so the new pattern appears on the outputs. Bit 7 is the decimal point.
def segments(byte):
for i in range(7, -1, -1):
ds.value((byte >> i) & 1)
clock.value(1)
clock.value(0)
latch.value(1)
latch.value(0)show main.py
show turns four characters into segment bytes, adding the point to the digit before a dot. Then for each digit it sends the segments, pulls that digit's select pin low for 2 ms and sets it high again.
def show(text):
# text is four characters, digits or spaces, with an optional "." after
# one of them. Each digit is lit for a moment in turn, fast enough
# that the eye sees all four.
cells = []
for ch in text:
if ch == "." and cells:
cells[-1] |= 0x80
else:
cells.append(DIGITS[int(ch)] if ch.isdigit() else 0)
for n, byte in enumerate(cells[-4:]):
segments(byte)
selects[n].value(0)
time.sleep_ms(2)
selects[n].value(1)Troubleshooting
The usual mistakes with this circuit, and the fix for each.
- The digits flicker or one is dim. This project
showhas to be called constantly. A long sleep anywhere in the loop makes the display blink. - The numbers appear in the wrong digits. This project
DIG1 to DIG4 go through resistors to GP10 to GP13 in order. - Segments are in the wrong places. This project
Q0 to Q7 go to A, B, C, D, E, F, G and DP in that order. - Outputs show garbage, or the register never clears. 74HC595 shift register
Tie OE low and SRCLR (pin 10) high. Left floating, these pins make the chip behave randomly. Then pulse the latch pin after shifting the byte. - The bits come out in the wrong order, or LEDs are dim. 74HC595 shift register
Choose MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST in shiftOut to flip the order. Give each LED its own resistor, since each output can source only about 6 mA safely. - Digits look dim, flicker, or show ghosts of other digits. Four-digit seven segment
Refresh each digit quickly in a loop, at least 100 Hz for the whole set. Turn all segments off before switching digits. Do not use delay() for long pauses while displaying. - Segments burn out or the pins are overloaded. Four-digit seven segment
Use a resistor of about 220 ohms on each segment line. Check whether the display is common cathode or common anode, since that sets which level turns a segment on. - The LED is dim, burns out, or the pin reads wrong because the resistor value is off. Resistor
Read the color bands again. A 220 ohm to 330 ohm resistor suits a typical LED on 5 V. 10k is a common pull-up or pull-down value. Check with a multimeter if unsure.
Change it and keep it
Open it in the editor, change the circuit or the code, and keep your version in a free account.