Board
Arduino Leonardo simulator, with Serial on the USB
The Leonardo is the Arduino whose USB socket goes to the microcontroller. An ATmega32U4 at 16 MHz on an Uno's outline: the same shield headers, and a `Serial` that is a USB CDC endpoint rather than a UART, with `Serial1` on pins 0 and 1 as a port of its own.
- 8peripheral areas modeled
- 4projects ready to run
- Real timeon your own machine
Click to open it in the editor
The board is running real firmware right now. Click it to open the circuit in the editor.
The model
What is modeled
Taken from the board's own contract document and put in plain words, with what is missing listed underneath.
Core
Every ATmega32U4 mnemonic with datasheet cycle counts, at 16 MHz
Ports
B to F, with the 44-pin package’s gaps: port C is PC6 and PC7, port F has no PF2 or PF3
Timers
Timer 0, timers 1 and 3, and timer 4 (the ten-bit one, with TOP in a register and channels A, B and D)
PWM
Seven pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 and 13, at 976.5625 Hz or 490.196 Hz depending on the timer
USB
A byte pipe at the real endpoint registers: enough for a CDC serial port, and nothing above it
USART1
Real 8N1 frames on pins 0 and 1, one bit at a time, so a jumper between them carries a character
ADC
Fourteen channels, MUX5 in ADCSRB bit 5, and A6 to A11 that are also digital pins
Interrupts
INT0 to INT3 and INT6, one pin-change group on port B, and sleep
Not in the model
- The USB stack above the byte pipe: no enumeration, no descriptors, no SETUP. `while (!Serial)` returns at once here and waits on a desk.
- Keyboard and Mouse. They are the other half of what a 32U4 is for, and they need the stack that is not there.
- SPI, TWI, the analog comparator, the watchdog, and the PLL that would clock timer 4 faster than 16 MHz.
- The Leonardo ETH. The Micro and the Pro Micro are the same chip on other pinouts, and have pages of their own.
Start here
Open one and press Run
Each of these opens in the editor exactly as it is drawn here.
Projects
Every built-in project on the Leonardo
Each has its own page with the circuit running, the code and a parts list.
Libraries
Arduino libraries that compile as they are
Paste a tutorial that includes one of these and it builds: each is written for Mokxi, on its own drivers, under the name the tutorials use. For any other library the build names the Mokxi header that does the same job.
Servo.h
attach, write, writeMicroseconds, read, detach, on any pin
Wire.h
I2C as a master; Wire.begin() puts it on 2 (SDA) and 3 (SCL)
SPI.h
transfer and transactions, on the board’s usual SPI pins
EEPROM.h
read, write, update, get, put and EEPROM[i], kept in the chip’s own 1 KB EEPROM
LiquidCrystal_I2C.h
the 16x2 LCD behind its I2C backpack
Adafruit_GFX.h and Adafruit_SSD1306.h
the 128x64 I2C OLED: text, pixels, lines, rectangles, circles, triangles and bitmaps
DHT.h
the DHT11 and DHT22: temperature, humidity and the heat index, as floats you can print
OneWire.h and DallasTemperature.h
DS18B20 thermometers, any number on one pin, found by the 1-Wire search
Adafruit_BME280.h, Adafruit_BMP280.h and SparkFunBME280.h
the Bosch pressure sensors: temperature, pressure, humidity and altitude
RTClib.h
the DS3231 and DS1307 clocks, with DateTime and TimeSpan
Adafruit_SHT31.h
the SHT31’s temperature and humidity, CRC checked
LedControl.h
MAX7219 eight-digit displays and 8x8 matrices: digits, characters, rows and single LEDs
Adafruit_LEDBackpack.h
the HT16K33 four-digit backpack: numbers, raw segments, the colon, brightness and blink
Adafruit_TCS34725.h
the TCS34725’s red, green, blue and clear counts, lux and color temperature
Adafruit_SGP30.h
the SGP30’s CO2eq and TVOC, its baseline and humidity compensation
Adafruit_INA219.h
current, bus voltage and power through the INA219’s shunt
Adafruit_ADS1X15.h
the ADS1115’s four sixteen-bit inputs, single or differential
Adafruit_MCP23X17.h
the MCP23017’s sixteen pins, one at a time or a port at once
HX711.h
the HX711 load cell amplifier: tare, set_scale and get_units, the units as floats you can print
Questions
Is it free?
Yes. Every board and every part is on the free plan, with no account needed.
Why is Serial different from an Uno’s?
Because the hardware is. On an Uno a separate chip turns USB into a UART, so Serial is USART0. On a Leonardo the USB goes to the ATmega32U4 itself, so Serial is a CDC endpoint and Serial1 is the UART on pins 0 and 1.
Can I make it act as a keyboard?
Not here. Keyboard and Mouse need the USB stack above the byte pipe, and the model says plainly that it does not have one.
Will an Uno sketch run on it?
The source usually will. The ELF will not: it is a different chip with a different register map. And SDA and SCL are pins 2 and 3 here, not A4 and A5.
Also here
The other boards
Every one of these runs today, and every one is free.
Looking for the shorter introduction? See the Arduino Leonardo simulator page.
ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1
runs nowA RISC-V core at 160 MHz with GPIO, UART, the SYSTIMER, a twelve-bit ADC on GPIO 0 to 4 and LEDC PWM on any pin, on the real memory map.
Firmware for the modeled peripherals uses the board’s memory map. The contract also marks register addresses inside the SAR ADC and LEDC that are still unverified.
Open the board page
Arduino Uno R3
runs nowA complete ATmega328P, with three timers in every mode, USART0, the ADC, interrupts and sleep.
Blink, serial, a held button and a hardware PWM fade, at 16 MHz and real time.
Open the board page
Arduino Nano
runs nowThe Uno's ATmega328P on a board 45 by 18 mm, so it pushes into the breadboard instead of standing beside it.
Two more analog inputs than an Uno, and the same firmware runs on both.
Open the board page
Arduino Mega 2560
runs nowThe big Arduino: fifty-four digital pins, sixteen analog inputs and four serial ports, on the ATmega2560.
Everything an Uno sketch knows how to do, with enough pins left over to do it to twelve things at once.
Open the board page
ESP32-C6-DevKitC-1
runs nowA second RISC-V board: thirty-one GPIOs, 512 KB of SRAM in one window, UART0, the SYSTIMER, a twelve-bit ADC on GPIO 0 to 6 and LEDC PWM on any pin.
The contract says plainly which addresses come from the manual, which are believed rather than verified, and what is not modeled at all.
Open the board page
ESP32 DevKit V1
runs nowThe classic ESP32 on an Xtensa LX6 at 240 MHz: the GPIO matrix, UART0, timer group 0, a twelve-bit ADC1 and the eight LEDC PWM channels, on the real memory map.
One core where the chip has two, no radio and no FPU. Your own sketch compiles in the tab.
Open the board page
ESP32-S3-DevKitC-1
runs nowThe ESP32-S3 on an Xtensa LX7 at 240 MHz: GPIO matrix, UART0, USB serial, ADC1, LEDC PWM and the RMT driving the RGB LED, on the real memory map.
One core where the chip has two, no radio and no FPU. Your own sketch compiles in the tab.
Open the board page
ESP8266 NodeMCU V1.0
runs nowThe Xtensa LX106 at 80 MHz in the call0 ABI, with D0 to D8 that are not GPIO numbers, two active-low LEDs, and PWM done in software because the chip has none.
WiFi uses a simulated network, with no radio or real internet. The ADC is the one block whose registers are this model’s own, because Espressif never published the chip’s.
Open the board page
Raspberry Pi Pico
runs nowRP2040 on our own ARMv6-M core, with SIO GPIO, the 1 MHz timer and alarms, UART0 and eight PWM slices.
Blink, a button, serial and a fade at real time, with sleep parked on WFI.
Open the board page
Raspberry Pi Pico W
runs nowThe same RP2040 and the same forty pins as the Pico, so the same ELF runs on it.
The CYW43439 is not modeled. WiFi uses a simulated network, and the on-board LED is driven through the board runtime rather than GP25.
Open the board page
Seeed XIAO SAMD21
runs nowA thumbnail-sized Cortex-M0+ at 48 MHz: eleven pads, every one of them an analog input, with PWM on ten of them.
Serial is the chip’s own USB, modeled as a byte pipe with no stack above it, and Serial1 is a real USART on D6 and D7.
Open the board page
BBC micro:bit V2
runs nowThe nRF52833 on our own Cortex-M4 core at 64 MHz, with GPIO, GPIOTE, three TIMERs, RTC0 and UARTE0 on the real register map.
The 5x5 LED matrix scanned as the hardware scans it, buttons A and B, the speaker and three rings on the edge connector.
Open the board page
ATtiny85
runs nowA whole microcontroller in an 8-pin DIP, straight into the breadboard: six I/O, two timers, an ADC and a USI.
Blink, a button on INT0, a knob on the ADC and a serial port it bit-bangs for itself.
Open the board page
STM32F411 Black Pill
runs nowCortex-M4 with Thumb-2, NVIC and SysTick at 84 MHz, with GPIO, TIM2 to TIM5 and USART1 on the real register map.
Blink on PC13, a button, serial and a PWM fade, all at real time.
Open the board page
STM32 Blue Pill (F103)
runs nowCortex-M3 at 72 MHz, with GPIO on the F1’s CRL and CRH, TIM1 to TIM4, USART1 and a twelve-bit ADC.
Blink on PC13, a button, serial with a live reading, and a PWM fade, all at real time.
Open the board page
Arduino Uno R4 Minima
runs nowRenesas RA4M1, Arm Cortex-M4 at 48 MHz, in an Uno’s shape and on an Uno’s 5 V pins. Modeled: the PFS port block, GPT PWM on the six tilde pins, SCI2 as Serial1 on D0 and D1, and a fourteen-bit ADC that analogRead reads ten bits of.
Not modeled: a USB stack (Serial is a byte pipe with no enumeration behind it), the ICU, so there is no attachInterrupt, and the AGT. The contract says plainly which addresses come from the manual and which are believed rather than verified.
Open the board page
Arduino Pro Mini
runs nowThe Uno’s ATmega328P on the smallest Arduino there is, with no USB on it, in both builds: 5 V at 16 MHz and 3.3 V at 8 MHz.
The 3.3 V board really runs at 8 MHz, so a sketch built for 16 MHz keeps half time on it, as it does on the bench.
Open the board page
Arduino Micro
runs nowThe Leonardo’s ATmega32U4 on a board that pushes into a breadboard, with the L LED on pin 13 and the SPI pins on holes of their own.
Serial is the chip’s own USB and Serial1 is pins 0 and 1, and the Leonardo’s programs run on it unchanged.
Open the board page
SparkFun Pro Micro
runs nowThe ATmega32U4 in a Pro Mini’s footprint with a USB socket on the end, running the Leonardo’s programs.
No LED on pin 13: its lamps are RX and TX, lit by pulling their pins low.
Open the board page
Wemos D1 mini
runs nowThe NodeMCU’s ESP8266 on a board a third the size, with the same D0 to D8 names and only the holes that do something.
WiFi on a simulated network, and your own sketch compiles in the tab.
Open the board page
ESP-01S
runs nowAn ESP8266 with eight pins, four of them GPIO, and a blue LED that lights when its pin is low.
Wired with jumpers, because its two rows will not sit in a breadboard. WiFi is simulated.
Open the board page
Seeed XIAO ESP32-C3
runs nowThe ESP32-C3 at 160 MHz on the XIAO’s thumbnail outline: fourteen pads, and D0 to D10 that are the XIAO’s numbers, not GPIOs.
No user LED to blink, WiFi on a simulated network, and sketches that compile in the tab.
Open the board page
ESP32-C3 SuperMini
runs nowThe smallest ESP32-C3 board in common use, sixteen pins named by GPIO, at 160 MHz.
Its blue LED on GPIO 8 lights when the pin is LOW, the other way around from the DevKit’s.
Open the board page
Arduino Uno R4 WiFi
runs nowThe Uno R4’s RA4M1 with a 12 x 8 LED matrix to draw on through Arduino_LED_Matrix.h.
WiFi through WiFiS3.h on a simulated network: no radio, no ESP32-S3 in the model, no real internet.
Open the board page
Try it on your own firmware
What you build here runs on the board on your desk, unchanged. Nothing to install and no account needed.