Source: https://mokxi.com/parts/lcd1602 Updated: 2026-11-10 Part # Character LCD, 16x2 Two rows of sixteen characters, HD44780 style, on four data lines. See every part - 16 pins - In 3 projects - In 5 lessons Drawn live by the editor's own code, at the size you see it. At a glance ## The Character LCD, 16x2 in brief What it is, and where it sits on the bench. The plain 16x2 character LCD is the HD44780 module with all sixteen pins brought out, the version every kit carried before the I2C backpack arrived. VSS and VDD take ground and 5 volts, V0 sets the contrast, A and K light the backlight, and a sketch drives RS, E and four data lines, D4 to D7, with RW tied to ground; the LiquidCrystal example uses pins 12, 11, 5, 4, 3 and 2 on an Uno. Mokxi models the controller as a state machine, so four-bit and eight-bit modes both work, and it keeps the busy time: a write takes 37 microseconds and a clear 1.52 milliseconds, and a byte clocked in sooner is dropped, the bug behind most garbled screens. Contrast follows the glass too. The crystal is driven by VDD minus V0, so a 10k contrast pot at mid travel shows a blank panel and the text only appears in the last fifth of the turn. A panel that has power but never receives the function set shows a row of solid boxes on its first line. Nothing is read back, not even the busy flag. Family Displays Pins 16 A circuit built around it, running and explained: the LCD simulator. Pins ## 16 pins Named as the editor names them, so a wire lands where you expect it. Pin What it does VSS Ground. VDD Supply. V0 Contrast; near VSS the characters are darkest. RS Low for a command, high for a character. RW Read/write; tie to ground. E Clock, latches on the falling edge. D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A The backlight LED. K The backlight LED. How to use it ## How to use a 16x2 LCD with an Arduino, without I2C Six signal wires: RS to pin 12, E to pin 11 and D4 to D7 to pins 5, 4, 3 and 2. Tie RW to GND, give VDD and the backlight’s A pin 5 V, and VSS and K ground. Create a LiquidCrystal with those six pins, call begin(16, 2) once, then setCursor() and print(). If the glass stays empty, look at V0 first. Tied to GND, as here, the text is fully dark; on a 10k pot it only appears near the ground end of the turn. A row of solid boxes on the top line means power and contrast are fine and begin() never reached the chip. Part pin Board pin VSS GND VDD 5 V V0 GND RS Pin 12 RW GND E Pin 11 D4 Pin 5 D5 Pin 4 D6 Pin 3 D7 Pin 2 A 5 V K GND Click to open it in the editor This is the simulator itself, running here. Click anything to open it in the editor. Open this project in the editor Read the full tutorial A first 16x2 LCD sketch with LiquidCrystal How it is modeled ## What is true about the Character LCD, 16x2, here In its help article’s own words: what the simulation gets right, and where it stops. ### Modeled At power-on the interface is eight bits wide; a function-set command can switch it to four, after which every byte is two writes on D4 to D7, high nibble first. Both widths work, because the model is the state machine and not a special case for either. Busy is modeled too: a write takes 37 microseconds and a clear takes 1.52 ms, and a byte clocked in while the controller is still busy is dropped, exactly as it is on the bench, the bug behind nearly every "my LCD prints garbage" question. V0 sets the contrast the way the glass does: the crystal is driven by VDD - V0, and nothing shows until that is about 70% of the supply. On 5 V the text is invisible with V0 above about 1.5 V and fully dark below 0.5 V, so a 10 k contrast pot at mid travel shows a blank panel and the text appears in the last fifth of the turn. Left unwired V0 is taken as VSS, the way the cheap modules with a fixed resistor behave. Before any init the controller is in its one-line reset state and the first line shows a row of solid boxes, the second nothing: the bench's sign that the panel has power and contrast but has never been sent the function set begin() sends, so the wiring, the address or the init is wrong. The boxes go when the init selects two lines. A/K light when A is at least two volts above K, and with neither driven the module's own backlight jumper is taken as fitted. ### Not modeled No reads of any kind: the busy flag, the address counter and DDRAM all read back nothing. No 5x10 font mode, no bias, temperature or viewing-angle effects. The busy times are the datasheet's two typical figures used as exact values: 37 microseconds for a write and 1.52 milliseconds for clear and home. A real HD44780's timing follows whatever its internal oscillator is doing, so those move by tens of percent between parts and with temperature. Nothing checks the E pulse width or the data setup and hold time either, so a driver can clock the bus as fast as it likes and a real module would not keep up. Dropping a byte that arrives while the controller is busy is this model's choice, made so the fault is visible and repeatable. On a real part the outcome is undefined and more often a corrupted character than a lost one. The backlight is on or off (A at least 2 V above K) with no brightness and no current. From 16x2 character LCD (HD44780), in full. Projects ## See the Character LCD, 16x2 in a project 3 built-in projects use it. Each opens in the editor, already wired. Lessons ## Where it turns up in a lesson 5 lessons place it in their own circuits. ### Learn articles 5 lessons - Arduino TMP36 Temperature Sensor in °F and °C - Arduino String: Join, Compare, Convert, Split - Arduino LCD 16x2 Without I2C: Wiring and Code - Arduino 10k Thermistor: Wiring and Code - Arduino Mini Projects for Engineering Students Boards ## The boards it is shown on This board has a built-in project with the Character LCD, 16x2 in it. - Arduino Uno R3 Libraries ## Arduino libraries for the Character LCD, 16x2 Built in, so the sketch compiles with nothing to install. Each page has the calls, the wiring and an example to run. - LiquidCrystal - hd44780 More parts ## The rest of the bench Every one of these is drawn and simulated the same way. Full-size breadboard A real 0.1 inch grid with the rails and the center channel, 63 columns wide. Jumper wires Drag from any pin or hole to any other. Corners snap, and you can drag them. Power A supply rail at the voltage you choose. Ground The other end of every circuit. LED Lights when current flows. Five colors, and the brightness is what your eye would see. Filament lamp A tungsten bulb in a holder: an inrush when it is switched on cold, tens of milliseconds to warm up, and dim on half its voltage. Resistor Any value you like, with the color bands drawn to match. ESP32-C3-DevKitM-1 A RISC-V board that runs your firmware at 160 MHz on the real memory map. Pushbutton A 12 mm tactile switch. Hold it while the simulation runs. Raspberry Pi Pico The RP2040 board on our own Cortex-M0+ core. Pick a program and press Run. Raspberry Pi Pico W Raspberry Pi Pico W (RP2040). The same board and the same pinout as a Pico, with the CYW43439 on it. The WiFi is simulated (no radio; real internet through the Cloud panel’s switch), and the on-board LED, which hangs off that chip rather than off GP25, is driven through the same path. Everything else is the Pico. Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Raspberry Pi 4 Model B: the 40-pin header, driven by main.py with RPi.GPIO or gpiozero. See every part ## Wire up the Character LCD, 16x2 Open the editor and push it into the breadboard. It is free, and it runs on your own machine. Start building free Open the editor